Axiological entanglement of economics

In mainstream economics, the principle of freedom from value judgment (Wertfreiheit) is enforced. This principle has different interpretations. The aim of this paper is to present the author’s interpretations of the principle of Wertfreiheit. The basic ideas of axiology have been analysed: values, valuations, and value judgments, including their application to economic activities and economic researches. Two models of valuations have been presented—the taste model and perception model—as well as points of view of economic researches on those models. The conclusion comprises the author’s interpretation of the principle of Wertfreiheit as that of impartiality and integrity in research activities.Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship

The impact of economic studies on students’ morality level

Since the beginning of the 1980s, a study has been conducted among students of economics in the United States regarding their propensity for cooperation, philanthropy and keeping promises. Regardless of the methods used, the research results have shown lower readiness for cooperation among students of economics in comparison to students of other disciplines. Moreover, the results are even worse after completing a microeconomics course. Based on these findings, two hypotheses have been formulated: the auto-selection hypothesis and the indoctrination hypothesis. The aim of the paper is to formulate implications regarding the indoctrination hypothesis. A massive attendance at economic studies in Poland is an argument against the auto-selection hypothesis. However, unless the research is completed, this hypothesis cannot be rejected. The indoctrination hypothesis is more attractive due to the special cognitive and moral condition of post-communist society which economic studies lecturers are members of and due to the economic situation of higher education institutions. These circumstances which accompany the studying of economics in Poland favour, firstly, the introduction of highly specialised curricula which do not prepare students for understanding economic activity as a means for good life. Secondly, economic knowledge is interpreted by lecturers as a set of instructions to manipulate market players. Thirdly, lecturers’ attitudes and activities reflecting the principle that what is not legally prohibited is allowed are “awarded” with a higher financial status. These implications will be made probable by the analysis of the curricula and content of lectures in economic schools. Attention will be mostly focused on microeconomics; the main “defendant” accused of indoctrination in the American studies.Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship

Axiological Entanglement of Economics

In mainstream economics the principle of freedom from value judgment (Wertfreiheit) is enforced. This principle has different interpretations. The aim of this paper is to present author's interpretations of the principle of Wertfreiheit. The basic ideas of axiology have been analysed: values, valua- tions, and value judgments, including their application to economic activities and economic researches. Two models of valuations have been presented – the taste model and perception model – as well as points of view of economic researches on those models. The conclusion comprises the author’s interpretation of the principle of Wertfreiheit as that of impartiality and integrity in research activities

Whether noninvasive optimization of AV and VV delays improves the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background: Device optimization is not routinely performed in patients who underwentcardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation. Noninvasive optimization ofCRT devices by measurement of cardiac output (CO) can be used as a simple method to assessventricular systolic performance. The aim of this study was to assess whether optimization ofatrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) delay can improve hemodynamic response toCRT and whether this optimization should be performed for each patient individually.Methods: Twenty patients with advanced heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA)class III/IV, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35% and left bundle branch block (QRS ≥ 120 ms)in sinus rhythm were evaluated from 24 h to 48 h after implantation of a CRT device by meansof impedance cardiography (ICG). CO was fi rst measured at each patient’s intrinsic rhythm.Patients then underwent adjustments of AV and VV delay from 80 ms to 140 ms and from–60 ms to +60 ms, respectively in 20 ms increment steps and CO at each setting was measuredby ICG. Both AV and VV delays were programmed according to the greatest improvement inCO compared to intrinsic rhythm.Results: There was a statistically signifi cant increase in CO measured at the intrinsic rhythmcompared to different AV delay by mean of 21% (3.8 ± 1.0 vs. 4.6 ± 0.1 L/min, p < 0.05).Optimal AV/VV delays with left ventricle-preexcitation or simultaneous biventricular pacingcaused additional increased CO from intrinsic rhythm by mean of 32.6% (3.8 ± 1.0 vs. 5.04 ±± 1.0 L/min, p < 0.05). Optimal AV/VV setting delays also resulted in improved hemodynamicresponses compared to VV factory setting delay.Conclusions: Both AV and VV delay optimization should be performed in clinical practice.Optimal AV delay improved outcome. However, combination of optimized AV/VV delays providedthe best hemodynamic response. Optimized AV/VV delays with left ventricle-preexcitationor simultaneous biventricular pacing increased hemodynamic output compared to intrinsicrhythm and VV factory setting delay

Difficult Connections Between Social Catholic Teaching and Economics

The paper discuss the early age of forming social and economic catholic teaching in XIV–XVI. Appearing of economy from the area of theology was discussed as phenomenon of school from Salamanca and the influence scholastic on Adam Smith. The separation of economy and theology on the contrary was discussed as phenomenon of liberal project of state and market economy. The conclusion is, that economics as a science of separated aspects of human life is a subsidiary discipline of social catholic teaching

O wolności ekonomicznej w okresie reformowania gospodarki polskiej

About economic freedom in pre-transition period of Polish economyThe aim of this paper is comparison the area of economic freedom, declared by central power in Poland in pre-transition period with the area of freedom in the market economy. The first step of analysys is to define economic freedom as freedom from compulsion. The next step is presentation the main resources and financial constraints, as restrictions of sovereignty of consumer and enterpreneuers by central power. In the last part of paper are presented the restrictions of property rights.About economic freedom in pre-transition period of Polish economyThe aim of this paper is comparison the area of economic freedom, declared by central power in Poland in pre-transition period with the area of freedom in the market economy. The first step of analysys is to define economic freedom as freedom from compulsion. The next step is presentation the main resources and financial constraints, as restrictions of sovereignty of consumer and enterpreneuers by central power. In the last part of paper are presented the restrictions of property rights

Corporate culture in the focus of new institutional economics

The aim of this article is to approach the roots of the corporate culture in the light of New Institutional Economics. The basis of analysis is the concept of four levels of the institutions by O.E. Williamson. The corporate governance is embedded in tradition (level 1) and in formal institutions (level 2). In European civilization tradition means especially – religion, so the American and European corporations culture is connected with religious Christian values. In the first part of the article the traditional, religion embeddedness of economic culture (level 1) is discussed. In the second part of the article two institutional theories of corporate governance (level 3) are discussed: agency theory and transactions costs theory. The connection between level 3 and level 1 as the roots of corporate governance is the transactions cost theory. In the summary the integration between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility is shown

Kontrowersje wokół społecznej produkcji i dystrybucji w usieciowionej gospodarce cyfrowej

Celem referatu jest krytyczne omówienie koncepcji społecznej produkcji i dystrybucji Yochaia Benklera oraz gospodarki dzielenia się Jeremy’ego Rifkina. Obie koncepcje dotyczą produkcji i dystrybucji w usieciowionej gospodarce cyfrowej, w której osiągane mogą być sieciowe korzyści skali. Pozwala to na otrzymywanie zysku pod warunkiem przyciągania użytkowników darmowymi produktami. W artykule przedstawiono, jakie są źródła zysku w komercyjnych zastosowaniach sieciowych technologii internetowych. Celem analizy modeli biznesowych jest zwrócenie uwagi, jakie rozwiązania komercyjne znajdują się w „społecznych” modelach Benklera i Rifkina. We wnioskach sformułowane zostały warunki dostarczania dóbr publicznych ukryte w tych modelach

MODEL CZŁOWIEKA GOSPODARUJĄCEGO I WYJAŚNIANIE W EKONOMII

Celem artykułu jest porównanie standardowych założeń ekonomii neoklasycznej w odniesieniu do  modelu homo oeconomicus  z założeniami modelu REMM  Jensena i Mecklinga. Porównanie to służy do ustalenia możliwości eksplanacyjnych ekonomii w odniesieniu nie tylko do typowych zjawisk ekonomicznych lecz również w odniesieniu do zjawisk społecznych, zwłaszcza funkcjonowania instytucji społecznych. W artykule wykazano także ograniczenia wyjaśniania sytuacyjnego w kontekście modelu człowieka gospodarującego

Relations between economics and psychology

Economics as a science on economic activity has built an assumption about the nature of economizing man over many decades. Homo oeconomicus model is not “the only right”. It has been a subject to modifications extending between the two approaches of research: psychologism and anti-psychologism. In the last few decades, psychology has expanded its scope of research on economic behavior. The aim of this study is to validate by methods of incomplete induction, if the assumption of rationality of economizing man corresponds to the real states of the human mind and cognitive capabilities. On the basis of these studies the economic psychology and behavioral economics emerged. Researchers in these areas oppose inductive method to hypothetico-deductive research program of mainstream economics on the basis of observations of irrational behavior of economizing man. The purpose of this article is, first, an overview of trends: the psychological and antipsychological in the theoretical development of the economics and, secondly, to show the weaknesses and threats of psychologism in economics and economic psychology. The paper discusses the psychological associations of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill, who shaped the standard of classical economics. Then it discusses the shift towards logical empiricism and rationality postulate of Karl Popper. This turn shaped the assumption of rational economizing man, which was used in the theory of general equilibrium of markets. This theory, as static and idealizational, has been criticized in the new branches of economics in which there are lifted idealization assumptions of neoclassical economics to more comprehensive explanation of economic reality. Experiments and other methods of incomplete induction are a complementary tool to raise awareness about the economic reality. The conclusions states that inductive reasoning is unreliable and there should be used the best possible explanation of intentional human actions, such as intentional explanation. In contrast, the search for causes of economic behavior in cognitive limitations poses a risk of reduction of economics as a science of social relations in economy to natural sciences